Bestaan nucleaire wapens? Lijkt me een goede vraag om te proberen te beantwoorden. Akio Nakatini beweert dat ze niet bestaan. Vooraleer we kijken naar zijn argumenten toch opmerken dat zijn boek intussen is verdwenen van Amazon, alsook op mijn account is het boek niet meer terug te vinden. Het staat nog wel op mijn Kindle Ebook maar exporteren via email bleek niet mogelijk. Via Kindle op Pc kon nog wel een export worden aangemaakt, maar die is een beetje rommelig. Mijn excuses alvast hiervoor.

Tweede opmerking nog: in de loop van het overzicht zal je merken dat veel van de argumenten ook betrekking hebben op virussen. Maar die bestaan natuurlijk ook niet, dus zo verwonderlijk is het niet. Het versterk wel het idee dat ook nucleaire wapens niet bestaan.

Dus laten we nu beginnen:

• Ondanks de vele testen met nucleaire wapens blijkt het voor technische experten onmogelijk om een kernwapen te maken via "reverse engineering". Ze zijn daar blijkbaar te dom voor:
  That’s the materials side of it . Other people talk about secret knowledge . This is a fork with two tines , founded on these twin assumptions : ( 1 ) The working instructions on how to make a bomb have been well - guarded and everybody’s been kept in the dark ; ( 2 ) Despite the ‘ existence proofs ’ of Trinity , Hiroshima , and Nagasaki ( plus the thousands of nuclear tests around the world since then ) , technical people ( outside the Nuclear Club ) are too dumb to reverse - engineer a bomb .
• Hoe werkt een kernwapen en waarom moeten we er zoveel schrik kan hebben?
  The basic points of the FEAR hypothesis are that : ( a ) There exists a tractable configuration of a certain material which neutrons can traverse with a sufficient hit rate on that material’s nuclei to break them up , thus propagating a growing nuclear splitting process ; ( b ) The above can happen at sufficient speed and to a sufficient degree to build up explosive pressure within containment without being impeded or prematurely halted by any other factor .
• Een kernontploffing tot stand brengen, blijkt echter geen senecure te zijn. Dat gebeurt niet zomaar, neutronen hebben zo hun eigen gedrag:
  The pre - bang checklist requires incredibly elaborate and precise calculations to insure that a sufficient quantity of fast neutrons , going at ‘ fast ’ enough speeds as they blast through the material , are likely enough to hit a target nucleus , with a high enough proportion of those encounters of the right type ( breaking apart the target nucleus rather than being captured by it or any of a number of other possible sub - optimal outcomes ) resulting in enough neutrons being liberated in the collisions to propagate the process onward . And , most crucially , that all this will happen in just the right amount of time for an explosive outcome . It’s a real Goldilocks problem because the target nuclei are few and far between , given the atomic scale facts covered at the start of this section . I don’t mean to shirk the hard labor of stepping through all the analytical details and unraveling how or whether ‘ they ’ ( the past and current bomb scientists ) got all the stuff above just right . But now a conceptual roadblock rears up against us . It’s a fundamental tenet of science that results are described openly , in sufficient detail for replication by skilled readers . But for safety reasons this standard protocol doesn’t apply to nukes . And the tight security leaves us with no way to probe the truth and resolve the workability of these claims … right ?
• Waarom heeft sinds 1946 niemand meer nog een nucleair wapen gebruikt (naties, terroristen...)?
  The ultimate mystery about nukes is why , after all these years , from 1946 on , nobody has ever nuked anybody in anger ( if you’re reading this by the glow of a green glass parking lot , you may be forgiven a sardonic chuckle ) . Maybe the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction really is restraining the bloodlust . But the MAD doctrine only applies to nations . National leaders obviously care nothing for the lives in their charge , but they are attached to their palaces and limos . The politicians ’ uncertainty as to whether those perks could be up and running quickly enough after a nuke exchange is enough to restrain them - for now . But that doesn’t apply to terrorists who are happy to die for The Cause . So then the question arises of why no terrorist bad guys have yet nuked anything . The usual answer boils down to lack of these components : Materials Knowledge Infrastructure It’s assumed that those resources are a ‘ bridge too far ’ for a terrorist organization . The usual show - stopper statement to avoid the whole topic is : “ You’d need another Manhattan Project . ” I could go deeply into all the contradictions and absurdities that abound on this subject . But in this section , I want to discuss whether the FEAR hypothesis is valid.
• Een "reverge-engineering" heeft blijkbaar plaatsgevonden en er werd zelfs een manual van gepubliceerd, maar was dat wel echt zo? De persoon in kwestie is immers nooit lastig gevallen door de autoriteiten.
  An analyst has reverse - engineered the first atomic bombs . John Coster - Mullen’s book ‘ Atom Bombs : The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man ’ is a nearly complete design manual for understanding and replicating the simplest original nukes . The book explains every design element and how they all hang together , based on exhaustive review of original documentation and interviews with surviving principals , including scientists , engineers , and military deployment personnel – virtually anyone who had some hand in working on or with the bombs . C
  So then why , apart from the few insider grumbles mentioned above ( which Coster - Mullen proudly reproduces in the front matter of his book as testimony to authenticity ) hasn’t there been more outcry ? Why hasn’t Coster - Mullen been spirited away by Men In Black , the book scrubbed from Amazon , and all copies flushed down the Orwellian memory hole ? Well , for one thing the USA is still a free country , sort of . After all , the book does not reproduce classified documents or include any illegal information found only in such sources . But the most important reason for the official tolerance extended to this book is the bogus refrain we’ve heard along : You’d ( still ) need another Manhattan Project . But if the FAIL hypothesis is true - if explosive fission is for real - then that response is a tragic misreading of the situation .
  Once possessed of C - M’s manual , why ( under conventional thinking ) might you still need another Manhattan Project to produce your unclassified bomb ? One thing is the usual sidetrack about fissionable materials . That’s not my main focus in this section , but suffice it to say again : read ‘ The Curve of Binding Energy ’ . This decades - old book will bleach your hair as you learn how easily bad guys of that time could have possessed themselves of all manner of nasty stuff , including U235 and plutonium , in various forms . Whatever tightening of security and accounting protocols was imposed after the book’s appearance has probably been more than out - run and end - run by the huge accumulation of such materials in the ensuing decades – especially outside the USA .
  Put it all together and you have the blueprint of a bomb . I am most emphatically not suggesting any non - scientist , people working with a nefarious purpose , should pursue this . Why would you want to hurt anybody ? Be a lover , not a fighter . No , the purpose of this excursion is to consider whether there’s any way to verify the truth or falsity of the FAIL hypothesis short of physically blowing something up . A thought experiment , if you will . It turns out there is . And due to the Manhattan Project’s ( supposed ) existence proof , it’s now way easier than anything that team faced in the 1940 ’ s . All you need is a MacBook . Maybe a MacBook Pro .
• Computers stonden tijdens de start van het atoomtijdperk nog in hun kinderschoenen. Hoe hebben ze het dan klaargespeeld? Of was er niet veel nodig? Maar zou het dan niet eenvoudig zijn om met een gewone pc een kernwapen te maken?
  Thus it’s clear that fully functional parameter values can be derived even in the absence of accurate theory and based on incomplete experimental results , just by a powerful sampling and automated simulation . But note the date on that description : 1947 – 1948 . Right after the war , Los Alamos began to work with serious digital computers , which , though pitifully slow and buggy , were more like today’s architectures than the analog calculators and IBM punch card machines used in the initial ( wartime ) phase . In the wartime phase , the calculating machinery was truly Stone Age , yet the scientists arrived at good - enough ( BOOM ! ) workable parameter values , which were subsequently locked up as highest state secrets . But with the materials outlined above , and with the incomparably superior parameter estimation and statistical modeling systems available to anybody today practically for free , that secret sauce of ‘ known - to - BOOM ’ parameter settings could be easily recovered and replicated . For our purposes , that would validate the explosive fission FEAR hypothesis . Unfortunately , this process would also serve up to any villain or scumbag who comes along a guaranteed - to - BOOM recipe for a working gadget . I’ll have more to say on probabilistic simulation methods later in this chapter .
• Het probleem van "containment" vs. explosie. Je moet de ketenreactie onder controle kunnen houden tot het juiste moment maar omgekeerd dan de reactie de containment overweldigen zonder dat er een explosie is:
  Containment : Explosive fission is a race between the chain reaction’s building power vs . a containment force holding things together long enough for the power to be really impressive when it does eventually blow . If the power overwhelms the containment too soon , it’s a fizzle ( low or no yield ) . The containment cannot be a function of any kind of ordinary material casing , a steel shell or anything like that . Those materials would be tissue paper against the ( supposed ) cumulative power of an explosive chain reaction in fissile material . The containment must come from a countervailing shock wave which very briefly – but strongly - constrains the building fission energy . The issue is that at the moment of assembly , the initiator releases a big spray of neutrons , so that early generation neutrons are bypassed . These plentiful neutrons act to build forces sufficient to overwhelm the containment , yet falling far short of the blast you really wanted .
  But here’s the problem : there was no such ‘ containment ’ requirement for the ‘ gun ’ critical assembly used in Little Boy . That’s obvious , because the explosive adjacency created there was not symmetric . The design thus left at least some unreinforced , or unequally reinforced , dimensions effectively open as an escape route for energies generated early in the process . This , very broadly speaking , is why Little Boy could not have worked . It would become ‘ vapor ’ ( if a chain reaction had been initiated at all , which is doubtful ) .
• De auteur heeft een simulatie ontwikkeld, maar de simulatie bleek een totale mislukking te zijn:
  My simulation starts ab initio – not from the endpoint of FEAR ( or FAIL either for that matter ) but from the theory known to the Manhattan scientists and the final design components of their device – but minus the assumption that it has to work . Unlike other simulations , I require the bang as output , not input . My model is generous , in that I do not apply constraints based on incidentals of military application . Half of the admittedly brilliant reverse - engineering work by Coster - Mullen is devoted to conformity with military constraints of the time , and synchrony with mission - specific delivery processes used by the 509th . My simulation is not constrained by deliverability in a B - 29 or any other vehicle . My only constraints relate to fissionability with historically specified fuels and materials . The hard constraints I impose are the commonly accepted boundaries and properties of 20th century , white bread , mainstream physics only . Otherwise , I incorporate ranges of values that would allow the model to function in any way that could conceivably fit reality so defined .
  In crafting my software simulation , I have had the advantage of theoretical , engineering , and analytic modeling tools far exceeding what the actual Manhattan Project had in their projections , estimates , and component testing . The result of my simulation is this : Explosive nuclear fission is not possible . Nuclear weapons are a hoax . The FEAR proposition is false .
• Wat m.b.t. Trinity? Die test toont toch het bestaan van nucleaire wapens aan?
  Yes , of all the stories supporting the FEAR hypothesis , the TRINITY test saga and apparent result is the hardest for nuclear weapons skeptics to handle . When you see photographs of the explosion , and its aftermath , and then read the testimonials of the many witnesses on the ground and the observers in the air , and read about various nuclear innocents who noticed unusual effects from far distances , it seems inconceivable that any staging or fakery was involved . It is with the Trinity test that a fair - minded reader would be most justified in closing the books on the FEAR hypothesis - in its favor . But I have to play the ball where it lies . I’m committed to raking through the embers , looking for anything suspicious - so let’s get to it .
• Oppenheimer: "the atomic bomb is shit"?
  Interestingly , Oppenheimer once slipped by opining , in late May 1945 , that “ the atomic bomb is shit ” . Historians naturally assume that he was trying to say that it would be far too powerful to apply to any practical , precise and proper military objective . Still , it’s an odd remark . More than sixty - five German and Japanese cities had been blasted and roasted to rubble by then . That was seen in the context of the times as highly effective war - fighting – otherwise it wouldn’t have continued . The atomic bomb would achieve with one plane in a few minutes the effect of hundreds of planes loaded to the gills sweeping back and forth for hours , exposed to all kinds of hazards . How could atomic supplementation not be perceived as a militarily useful upgrade ?
  The man had devoted years of his life and his entire professional reputation to the project . How could he say it was ‘ shit ’ ? How could he doubt its military value ? If he thought superweapons were shit , why sign on to the project in the first place ? Or , if he really believed it was a superweapon that could never be used , surely a brain of his stature would grasp that , even if never used , such an object would be of huge military value in the larger strategic sense of intimidation , deterrence , etc . If it were never used , so much the better . But we have it direct from arguably the greatest military mind of all time :
  Maybe it was merely a slip of the tongue . Or - a slip of the mask ? Prize - winning chronicler of the nuclear age Richard Rhodes once opined in a filmed interview : Oppenheimer was a fascinating and complicated man . Fundamentally he seemed to have had some of the qualities of an actor . Maybe that is a word to the wise , if we have ears to catch the hint .
• Terug naar Trinity:
  That’s the story . But maybe “ by the spring of 1945 ” exactly the opposite situation prevailed . How confident were the scientists that “ the Trinity device would probably work as planned ” ? Here’s what a Manhattan Project physicist had to say about that , explaining his bet of zero yield for the Gadget in the pre - Trinity pool : I bet zero . I think that was the most intelligent bet of any because zero included not only zero but it also included the first 25 generations of neutrons , and this is an exponentially growing thing , so it’s probably the first 35 generations of neutrons . And if it stopped anywhere along there , it would be zero on the scale that they had . So I had , statistically , the best chance of winning . ( Nobel Laureate Norman Ramsey ) By the spring of 1945 , the scientists realized that they’d have to stage a fake demonstration . In committing to that scenario , the idea of providing for a possible fizzle is absurd . The fizzle is not scripted into the fake - out . It would nullify the whole point of the Kabuki nuke exercise . Not only that , but having to intimately configure a fake bomb in , around , or beside a strong container like Jumbo complicates life . The fake ( a large non - nuclear explosion ) might not be powerful enough to totally destroy the container , as a good nuke should . But if Jumbo were to be set up at a “ just so ” distance ( say , 800 yards ) from the faked blast , the absence of damage might seem natural enough . Certainly nobody would quibble about a lack of total destruction ( nobody did ) . The very strange official story about the placement was : … the plan was to erect the vessel 800 yards from Ground Zero , so that it could stand ready to contain the next full - scale or partial - scale test . ( ‘ Critical Assembly ’ Hoddeson et al . )
• En wat dan met de atoombommen op Japan? Palen en bomen bleven staan en dan bovendien ook nog eens in een patroon. Hoe is dat mogelijk?
  There we see , close to ground zero , a bunch of utility poles in the foreground and tree remnants in the background . Not much of this skinny stuff has been ‘ knocked down ’ . Would 5 more kilotons have done the job ? Maybe not , because you sometimes hear that vertical standing objects , when perfectly located ‘ just so ’ with respect to the blast , have remarkable superpowers : Because the shock - front came down from almost directly overhead , telephone poles and trees … were able to resist and were largely bypassed by the forces of compression .
  It’s amazing that so many scrawny , bent and twisted natural objects , located all over the blast area , as well as many dozens of utility poles , could all have been situated in the mathematically perfect angular centering with reference to the bottom of the blast front , such that this theoretically well - motivated ‘ vertical resistance ’ effect applied so extensively . But anything is possible . Maybe the exact zone pictured above matched perfectly with the overhead shock - front . Thus , maybe it’s better not to consider trees and poles standing ‘ too close ’ to air zero , as it seems that may be the safest place for them . The problem is that as we move away from ground zero , we still find lots of standing trees and other vertical objects :
  So it seems that uprights are protected by the contradictory conditions of ( i ) being directly under ‘ air zero ’ and also , paradoxically , by being ( ii ) farther away - yet in zones from which most buildings were supposedly blasted down . But there must have been some kind of blast – if a real nuke was dropped . Let’s tighten the bolts on the blast thing . At the ‘ air zero ’ detonation altitude of 600 meters , there would be an inner blast contour of 20 psi , and an outer contour of 5 psi effects . These are shown as concentric circles on the Hiroshima effects map .
• Expert Alexander de Seversky bezocht "ground zere" en had grote twijfels over wat hij zag en of dit het gevolg was van een kernbom:
  Alexander P . de Seversky ( June 7 , 1894 – August 24 , 1974 ) was a Russian - American aviation pioneer , inventor , and influential advocate of strategic air power . He made an inspection tour of Hiroshima and Nagasaki soon after the war’s end . His observations and conclusions are particularly valuable as he had extensive personal experience in bombing and aerial warfare , as well as a deep conceptual and theoretical understanding of explosives and blast effects . His trip report was published in a 1946 magazine article , which was reprised at greater depth as a chapter in his 1950 book ‘ Air Power : Key to Survival ’ . Seversky is sometimes charged with bias . It’s sometimes said that he misleadingly minimized atomic weapons ’ horrifying power , the better to either forestall or assuage American public guilt over dropping the bomb on prostrate Japan . That’s a ridiculous charge because in 1946 there was precious little guilt to worry about . The public overwhelmingly approved the bomb’s use.
• Geen krater bvb.:
  There is no mention of any kind of blast crater under ‘ air zero ’ . It may be that the detonation altitude was too great for that ( 1,900 feet ) . It also may be that in a built - up enemy city even a shallow crater is difficult to fudge , fake , or dig on short notice . Anywhere within either blast ring , you’d expect trees – if nothing else - to be pretty much wiped clean off the earth , vaporized , flung around like toothpicks in a hurricane , except possibly where shielded by concrete buildings .
• Veel planten bleven rechtstaan en overleefden zelfs in de meest intense gebieden, een jaar later stonden ze alweer in volle bloei:
  Quite a number of plants not only remained upright , but actually survived in the most intense areas , to bloom again the following year .
• Beelden werden getruckeerd:
  You have to wonder whether that image would have emerged spontaneously at this moment to a truly naïve observer with no background in atomic weaponry . It sounds like pre - seeding based on the earliest bomb fiction . Those who’ve read detailed accounts of the Enola Gay mission will easily recognize the many parallels in this 1914 science fiction : The sky above the indistinct horizons of this cloud sea was at first starry and then paler with a light that crept from north to east as the dawn came on . The Milky Way was invisible in the blue , and the lesser stars vanished . The face of the adventurer at the steering - wheel , darkly visible ever and again by the oval greenish glow of the compass face , had something of that firm beauty which all concentrated purpose gives , and something of the happiness of an idiot child that has at last got hold of the matches . His companion , a less imaginative type , sat with his legs spread wide over the long , coffin - shaped box which contained in its compartments the three atomic bombs , the new bombs that would continue to explode indefinitely and which no one so far had ever seen in action . Hitherto Carolinum , their essential substance , had been tested only in almost infinitesimal quantities within steel chambers embedded in lead . Beyond the thought of great destruction slumbering in the black spheres between his legs , and a keen resolve to follow out very exactly the instructions that had been given him , the man’s mind was a blank . His aquiline profile against the starlight expressed nothing but a profound gloom . . The sky below grew clearer as the Central European capital was approached … So far they had been singularly lucky and had been challenged by no aeroplanes at all . The frontier scouts they must have passed in the night ; probably these were mostly under the clouds ; the world was wide and they had had luck in not coming close to any soaring sentinel . Their machine was painted a pale gray , that lay almost invisibly over the cloud levels below . But now the east was flushing with the near ascent of the sun , Berlin was but a score of miles ahead , and the luck of the Frenchmen held . By imperceptible degrees the clouds below dissolved . . . . Sure of its accessibility , he craned his neck over the side of the aeroplane and judged his pace and distance . Then very quickly he bent forward , bit the stud , and hoisted the bomb over the side . ‘ Round , ’ he whispered inaudibly . … The bomb flashed blinding scarlet in mid - air , and fell , a descending column of blaze eddying spirally in the midst of a whirlwind . Both the aeroplanes were tossed like shuttlecocks , hurled high and sideways and the steersman , with gleaming eyes and set teeth , fought in great banking curves for a balance . The gaunt man clung tight with hand and knees ; his nostrils dilated , his teeth biting his lips . He was firmly strapped . . . . When he could look down again it was like looking down upon the crater of a small volcano . In the open garden before the Imperial castle a shuddering star of evil splendour spurted and poured up smoke and flame towards them like an accusation . They were too high to distinguish people clearly , or mark the bomb’s effect upon the building until suddenly the facade tottered and crumbled before the flare as sugar dissolves in water . ( ‘ The World Set Free ’ H . G . Wells 1914 )
• Als het geen kernwapen was, wat dan wel? Groot aantal conventionele bommen:
  So , to summarize the Hiroshima operation , here’s what likely went down . It appears that anywhere from 250 to 1000 B - 29 ’ s ( exact count uncertain , depending on how much of a touch - up and light - show was needed ) hit Hiroshima - area targets , including the city itself , on the night and early morning of August 5 and 6 . Those attacks were the usual mix of incendiary and high explosives , blasting stuff to ruins and triggering the firestorm . Standard procedure . Probably Hiroshima proper , central districts , was hit last , to coincide closely with that morning’s arrival of the Enola Gay . I am assuming the Enola Gay probably did really put in an appearance over the city , for the sake of the flight logs , posterity , history , or Hollywood . They probably released some kind of ‘ pumpkin ’ device ( practice atomic bomb shell ) that was rigged for a big flash and dispersal of radiation ( thus becoming the second dirty bomb in history , after the Trinity 100 - Ton test ) .
• In Nagasaki was de atoombom ook redelijk selectief en Nagasaki was waarschijnlijk reeds eerdere (plat)gebombardeerd: 
  How likely is it that this factory had been spared ? Especially since we know ( see above documentation ) that Nagasaki was in fact bombed prior to August . So Nagasaki , far from being untouched nuclear - virgin real estate , was likely totally bombed out long before . And based on the description and logic above , most especially the military works of the Urakami Valley would have been targeted all along . Some may argue that this area would have been spared , because threaded among the arms plants were hospitals , schools , and churches . To that I say - please . This campaign was under the direction of General Curtis LeMay . If you tell me that Curtis LeMay spared anything on humanitarian grounds , I can only reply with Michael Corleone’s classic comeback : “ Now who’s being naïve ? ”
• Dan hebben we nog de Bikini Atol:
  There are many oddities about the Bikini test history ( even the total test count varies , by source , from 23 ‘ explosions ’ to 67 – it’s true that a few were planned but cancelled , not enough to account for all the variation ) . One interesting feature of the atoll is the concrete cap over the Cactus test crater , on Runit Island . The ‘ Cactus Dome ’ is a concrete cover over a test crater that was pressed into service as a dump for a scrape of supposed radioactive topsoil from the atoll’s islands . Just barely offshore from this hole is the leftover crater from another test , Redwing - Lacrosse . Here’s how the two craters stack up against one another :
  Hardtack - Cactus ( surface ) : 18 kilotons , 350 feet diameter crater . Redwing - Lacrosse ( surface ) : 40 kilotons , 600 feet diameter crater . The diameter figure for Lacrosse is specified by Wikipedia’s ‘ Redwing ’ entry data table as follows ( as of early 2017 , until corrected as a result of this book ) : Mockup of the TX - 39 . Left a visible Crater off Runit Island , next to Cactus Dome , 600 ft ( 180 m ) in diameter . ( Wikipedia ‘ Operation Redwing ’ ; row ‘ Lacrosse ’ in data table ) So far so good , a double blast yield should leave approximately double the damage ( crater size ) and indeed that’s what is usually reported on paper , as you see above . Likewise , in physical reality the Lacrosse crater should be pretty much double the size of the Cactus crater . But it clearly isn’t . They are about the same size . And don’t think the Cactus Dome was overfilled beyond the crater , because every source that gives specs for the Dome itself specifies a figure somewhere in the 300 to 350 range , which can be verified by measuring across the satellite photos . It’s the same as the reported diameter of the original explosion crater . If you then measure across the map of the Lacrosse crater in various places and take an average , the diameter there comes to about 375 feet diameter . In reality the two craters are basically the same size .